Applying to Psychology PhDs
(in the US)

Deciding whether to pursue a PhD

Enjoying research is the single criteria I would suggest to those thinking about PhD study.

Traditionally, PhD study was primarily a prerequisite for post-doctoral and faculty positions in universities. There is now increasing recognition of the value that PhD graduates bring outside of academia. So, you shouldn't feel that completing a PhD means you have to pursue a career as an academic professor/researcher. There are tons of industry positions that benefit from the research skills of a Psychology PhD graduate (e.g., user experience research, scientific consultancy). You also don't need to know what you're going to do post-PhD. Career interests may change throughout your studies and that is ok! The skills you gain through a PhD are undoubtedly useful and can be applied to many settings.

However, it's worth noting that many psychology and research-related careers do not require a PhD. If you're not at all interested in any positions that require/like this degree (whether that's in clinical practice, academia, or industry), it might not make sense to go down this route. You can always spend some years working in other roles and consider PhD study later on.

There may be personal life circumstances that encourage or discourage you from PhD study. There are too many to go into detail about, but this includes financial and relationship (family, friends, partners) factors. There are no 'right' paths and it is important to think deeply about which paths will contribute positively to your wellbeing.

Clinical vs. non-clinical psychology PhDs

Clinical Psychology PhDs typically involve 5 years spent on-campus and 1 year spent completing a clinical internship. Many programs emphasise research, though this has a clinical focus, and culminate with a research dissertation much in the same way as non-clinical PhDs. Course requirements are often similar to those of non-clinical PhDs, plus some specific clinical courses. These programs will prepare you for becoming a licensed clinical psychologist in the US.

Psy.D. programs are another option for those aspiring to be licensed psychologists. These focus more heavily on clinical work, with less research experience, and take 4-5 years.

Counseling Psychology PhDs prepare you for becoming a licensed psychologist. Programs are focused on clinical practice, but often include research exposure, and take ~5 years.

There are several Master's degrees that prepare you for licensure e.g., in social work, counseling psychology.

Non-clinical Psychology PhDs have no patient-facing clinical component and instead involve full-time research over 5 years. Psychology departments are often structured into different areas e.g., clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, quantitative psychology. Faculty in clinical areas will take on Clinical Psychology PhD students, and usually will not work with non-clinical students. All other areas are open to non-clinical PhDs. Some schools will require you to indicate a preference for one or more of these areas in your application, while others won't. Area decisions should largely rest on where the advisor you're applying to fits in, though you should research whether training/courses differ by area. 

Here are some pointers on deciding whether to apply for clinical vs. non-clinical programs:

• Try to get experience in both research and clinical settings. The latter doesn't have to involve directly working with patients - it could be research in a hospital or social work setting, for example. This is the best way to get an idea of what path you'd enjoy most. If this isn't possible, speak to those who have had these experiences.

• A clinical/counseling Ph.D., Psy.D., or relevant Master's degree is the way to go if you know you want to become a licensed psychologist working with patients.

• Non-clinical psychology is the way to go if you know you want a research career without being a practising psychologist, and you don't care too much for gaining intensive clinical experience.

• Mental health research is not limited to clinical PhDs. Many non-clinical faculty work on research that ultimately aims to improve the wellbeing of those with mental health difficulties. This can involve working with clinical populations.

• Think about which field needs you most. Would you benefit the research or clinical world most with your skills? I felt like my interests and skills would be better suited for research than clinical practice - I have a passion for the research process, enjoy learning methods for statistical analysis, and enjoy sitting at my desk working on research.

• Someone who completes a clinical/counseling psychology PhD or PsyD can end up in academic/industry research positions. A non-clinical PhD grad cannot easily pivot to a clinical psychologist position, though there are non-clinician roles in clinical settings.

• You can always apply for clinical-focused PhDs at some schools and non-clinical PhDs at others.

The following content is based on my experience applying to non-clinical PhDs. However, clinical psychology PhD and non-clinical PhD applications are incredibly similar, so I hope these tips are helpful to all prospective students. (Unfortunately, I am not familiar with PsyD, Counseling Psych PhD, or Masters applications)

Finding labs to apply to

Research interests

This is the no. 1 factor that should guide your applications. PhD applications are targeted to the advisor/lab you want to work with, so your research interests should overlap with theirs. It may be difficult to pin down your research interests at the outset. But once you start reading faculty and lab biographies, you will likely instinctually get a feel for the kind of work that draws you in.

There are many ways to identify possible advisors:

• The unstructured way (this is what I did): Maybe you start with a name from papers that you found interesting, or perhaps you have some universities or cities floating around in your mind. This leads you to a program's faculty page and you find couple of potential advisors. Maybe they aren't taking new students, but their collaborator (which you know from looking at their research papers) at a different university is. Or maybe you look up whether their own PhD advisor is still taking on students. Once you narrow down your search to the field you are most interested in, you will probably find that there are a select few labs doing said research and they will have close connections.

• If you currently or have previously worked with an academic advisor (e.g., during undergraduate or Masters studies), you could ask them if they know names of researchers in your field of interest.

• Some professors will post on Twitter to highlight that they're accepting PhD students.

Advisor 

When embarking on PhD study, you enter a personal relationship with your advisor. You can use info from their lab websites, Twitter and interviews on YouTube/other sites to get an idea of the person they are. At this point, I believe that factors such as seniority or lab size are not very important.

Funding

Funding varies hugely between schools. You should be able to find details of stipends and teaching requirements online, otherwise you can reach out to faculty or admin staff. PhD students in the US are, on the whole, underpaid and stipends have not been raised in line with cost of living increases. It is worth understanding how much and where the funding comes from for any schools you are considering. Even within the same program, faculty may have varying funds available to support PhD students.

There are other ways to seek out funding e.g., through grants and fellowships outside of the university. However, these shouldn't be relied on from the outset as they are very competitive and not guaranteed.

Note. As an international student, I found myself limited to private US universities as these offered the same funding package to international and domestic students. If you are a non-US citizen, look carefully into whether funding for international students is available.

Location

Where do you want to live for ~5 years? Climate, walkability, entertainment, food, cost of living and proximity to friends/family are some things to think about. If you've visited possible areas already, that's great. If not, there's a wealth of information online. I would definitely recommend visiting the schools once you have received acceptances.

Resources/money

If you want to perform research that requires specific resources e.g., neuroimaging equipment, you'll need to make sure this is available at the school. When it comes to the interview stage, you can ask more about how use of this equipment works and whether there is appropriate support/training for grad students.

The more money an institution or lab has, the greater research flexibility you typically have (note this is not the same as research skills you will gain). The importance of this depends on your working style and how closely aligned your research interests are with the advisor. Will you be happy working under specific projects that your PI has funding for? Or do you want to independently pursue other avenues of research that extend the lab's work? The latter will likely require some sort of funding. It can be difficult to ascertain this situation before applying, but university endowments and a PI's history of grant funding (displayed on their CV) can provide an idea.

How many schools to apply to

I'd roughly recommend applying to 5-12 schools, depending on the following factors:

Labs that fit your interests

As discussed above, this is the most important factor that ought to guide your application decisions. You should create a shortlist of potential schools and spend time investigating whether these labs would provide you with the environment to carry out research that you're passionate about. Since not all labs accept students every year, you will hopefully end up with <15 schools. Some research areas may only leave you with a couple of labs that you want to apply to.

Money

Applications quickly rack up in cost. My applications averaged $100 each. Many universities offer fee waivers for those experiencing financial hardship - this is sometimes limited to U.S. citizens.

Time/effort

Completing PhD applications takes a lot of time. You should work on applications in order of preference, taking into account deadlines if they differ. Depending on other commitments in your life, including your general wellbeing, you may have to limit the number of applications you complete.

Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology programs are more competitive than non-clinical programs. <5% are accepted into most programs e.g., USC, UW, Northwestern. I'd recommend applying to more programs because of this, though this should not come at a cost to the quality of each application.

Reaching out to advisors

Contacting advisors via e-mail prior to applying is a good thing to do, as it puts your name on their radar. If it isn't clear from their lab website or the Psychology department's site, this is the time to ask advisors whether they are accepting students that year. The process can seem daunting, but is quite simple once you have a draft structure for your message. It should be short, ~3-4 sentences, and succintly 1) describe your current position/undergraduate degree, 2) describe your research interests and how they align with the lab, 3) ask the advisor a question and/or simply state that you're interested in applying to their lab (some people advise against the latter but I think this is ok). Include your CV in this e-mail.

If you don't receive a reply, follow up after at least 2 weeks. From my experience, advisors are generally friendly people who will send friendly replies. This is especially the case if you've narrowed down your potential advisor pool by taking a look at lab websites, Twitter, and YouTube videos. Their reply acts as a first indicator of the kind of person/advisor they are. Of course, you can't tell too much about a person through an e-mail, but definitely take note of any red flags that pop up at this point.

It's ok for these e-mail exchanges to be short and end after 1 or 2 replies - unless you think of any further important questions.

PhD Applications

Application Spreadsheet

I highly recommend creating a spreadsheet while researching programs to apply to. Mine looked something like this: